What effect does structural icing have on an aircraft?

Structural icing negatively impacts an aircraft's performance primarily by disrupting the smooth airflow over the wing. When ice forms on the wing and other critical surfaces, it alters the shape and texture of those surfaces, leading to a breakdown in the previously smooth airflow. This disruption creates turbulence, increases drag, and can lead to a significant loss of lift.

As airflow becomes disturbed, the lift generated by the wings can diminish, which negatively affects the aircraft's ability to maintain altitude and maneuver properly. It can also lead to changes in stall characteristics, making the aircraft more difficult to control, particularly at lower speeds. Therefore, understanding the effects of structural icing is crucial for pilots and air traffic controllers to ensure the safety and performance of the aircraft during flight.